Rules on Articles

                                          Rules on Articles

                   

Consonant w`‡q Avi¤¢ nq Ggb k‡ãi c~‡e©/Awbw`óZv eySv‡Z	It is a  picture
Vowel w`‡q Avi¤¢ nq Z‡e D”PviY ÕBDÕ Gi gZ n‡j	He is a European
‘O’ GB  Gi D”PviY hLb ÕIqvÕ-i gZ nq Zvi c~‡e©	I saw a one eyed man.
msLv I cwigvYevPK k‡ãi c~‡e©	Hasan brought a dozen of oranges.
†ckv ev e¨emv eySv‡Z	She is a nurse.
What w`‡q k~iy †Kvb  Exclamatory Sentence   Gi  Predicate †KvbCountable singular noun n‡jWhat  Gi ci	What a clever girl she was!
Countable singular noun /noun Phrase  n‡j Ges Zvi D”PviY BD/Iqv bv n‡j Zvi c~‡e©	She took an apple.
Consonant w`‡q Avi¤¢ n‡jI  Zvi D”PviY Õ VowelÕ Gi gZ n‡j	Rahim is an M.P.
‘H’ w`‡q Avi¤¢ nIqv k‡ã  ‘H’ Gi  D”PviY ÕA Õ Gi gZ nq ZLb †m me k‡ãi c~‡e©	He is an honest officer.
‡Kvb eb©bvi †¶‡Î Avgiv cÖ_‡g‘a/A’an/An, e¨envi Kwi Zvici eY©bvi welq mbv³ n‡j Zvi c~‡e©‘the/Thee¨envi Kwi |	A village doctor is very familiar person in the village. He is the dearest to all the villagers.
hLb‘Plural indefinite countable noun  e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zvi c~‡e© articlee¨en„Z ‘article nq bv |	They work in office.
‘H’Øviv Avi¤¢ nIqv kãwUi cÖ_gSyllable G †Rvi co‡j ‘a’ nq,†Rvi bv co‡j ‘an’ nq |	A housewife.  a/an hotel

Q‡›` Q‡›` The  Gi e¨envi

b`x,mvMi,ØxccyÄ

                    RvnvRvw`,wMwi cyÄ

RvwZ m¤cÖ`vq,ag©MÖb&_

                        ‡KvU,wm‡bU I msev`cÎ,

ZvwiL,ce© I w`‡Ki bvg

                         hZ Av‡Q L¨vZa¨vg,

P›`ª,m~q©,MÖn Zviv

                      Av‡iv hZ wek¦aiv

c„w_ex‡Z GKwU Av‡Q hZ

                           Zvi c~‡e© em‡e The†bB wfbœgZ|

        

                                           ‡h †h m&_v‡b The   e‡m

wbw`ó †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯Í eySv‡Z	The water of this pond is dirty.
mgMª †kªYx ev RvwZ‡K eySv‡Z Singular common noun  Gi c~‡e©	The English are brave.
b`x,ce©Zgvjv,mvMi,DcmvMi,giyf~wg, Øxccy¾, BZ¨vw`I bv‡gi c~‡e©	The Padma is a large river. The Himalayas are covered with ice. We crossed the Atlantic ocean. This is the Bay of Bengal. The Sahara is a desert. The Andaman is a group of islands.
weL¨vZ AÆvwjKv,ivR‰bwZK `j Ges m¤cÖ`v‡qi bv‡gi c~‡e©	The Empire State Building is in London. The B.N.P is a political party.
RvwZi bvg	The English are brave. The Bangladeshis are hospitable.
weL¨vZ MÖY&_ Ges msev`c‡Gi bv‡gi c~‡e©	She recites the holy Quran. The Observer is a daily newspaper.
RvnvR,D‡ovRvnvR,†Uªb,	The Titanic sank for ever.
µwgK msLv Ges gv‡mi bv‡gi c~‡e©	She secured the first position in the examination.
MyiyZ¡c~b© HwZnvwmK NUbvi c~‡e©	She witnessed the second world war.
Adjective Øviv mgv‡Ri †Kvb we‡kl †kªYx ev †Mvôx wb‡`©wkZ n‡j Zvi c~‡e©	The poor are hated by the rich.
Pronoun w`‡q Zzjbv †evSv‡j Zvi c~‡e©	Nazrul is the Byron of Bangladesh.
‡Kvb eY©bvg~jK †fv‰MwjK A_© _vK‡j Zvi bv‡gi c~‡e©	The Deccan is situated in the south India.
Superlative degree-i   c~‡e©	He is the bravest man in the locality.
wbw`ófv‡e  eySv‡j Material wKsevabstract noun Gi c~‡e©	The kindness of Mohsin is known to all.
Comparative Degree Gi A_©   hZ    ZZ    eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e©	The more you read the more you learn.
‡Kvb Noun  †K we‡kl MyiyZ¡ w`‡Z	He is the singer of the nation.
w`‡Ki c~‡e© definite article ‘the’ e¨eüZ nq	The sun rises in the east.
American ev Hospital IUniversity  I c~‡e©B me©`vB‘the’e¨eüZ nq |

          ‡h †h m&_v‡b Article  e‡m bv

Noun ‡K mbv³ Ki‡Z a,an,the e¨ZxZ †h medetermine  e¨eüZ nq |	My,your,his,her,its,our,their, this, that, these, those, any, some, most, both, all, many, much, no, other, enough, several, one, two, several, few, which, what
mKj Noun Gi c~‡e©B determiner em‡jI wb‡gœv³¸‡jvi c~‡e© e‡m bv | Names and title names and groups countries, specific locations, Nationalities, language, religions, philosophies, Time period	Names and title                       King Aurthur names and groups                              Green peace countries, specific locations, Nationalities, language, religions, philosophies, American, Time period Friday, January
Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ  e¨eüZ nq bv |	I am fond of  X tea.
Proper noun Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ article  e¨eüZ nq bv |	X Bangladesh is a small country.
Material noun Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ article e¨eüZ nq bv	X  Iron is a useful metal.
Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ article e¨eüZ nq bv	X honesty is the best policy.
D`¨vb,feb,moK,we`¨vjq,gnvwe`¨vjq,nvmcvZvj,†gvo,evRv‡ii bv‡gi Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ article e¨eüZ nq bv |	He goes to X college everyday.
Plural noun mvaviY A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡j article  e¨eüZ nq bv |	X cows are gentle animals.
mvaviY A‡_© Lvev‡ii bv‡gi c~‡e©  article e¨eüZ nq bv	She may invite you to  X dinner.
mvavibZ gvbeRvwZ A‡_© gvbyl,bvix Ges evev,gv,PvPv,PvPx,wkyï,gvgv,gvgx BZ¨vw` G A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡j  article e¨eüZ nq bv	X Man is mortal.
fvlvi bv‡gi article e¨eüZ nq bv	He speaks X French.
w`b I gv‡mi bv‡gi Av‡M article e¨eüZ nq bv	X January is the first month of the year.
Drm‡ei bv‡gi Av‡M article e¨eüZ nq bv	X Eidul Fitre is the biggest religious festival of the Muslims.
mvavibZ Idiamic word    Gi Av‡M  article e¨eüZ nq bv	She left the place X bag and baggage.
Adjective word w`‡q †kl nIqv Clause  evSentence G D³ adjective Gi c~‡e©  article e¨eüZ nq bv	He is x honest.

n 

Rules of passage Narration for SSC/HSC Examination

Rules of passage Narration for SSC/HSC Examination

Rules of passage Narration for SSC Examination

Direct speech  Gi GKwU  passage Narration –G  Assertive, Interrogative, Exclamatory, Imperative I Optative – GB cuvP Sentence B _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB sentence - ¸‡jvi  Indirect Narration Kivi †h wbqg, Passage Narration Kivi wbqg I ZvB| ïay KZK¸‡jv Linking words (ms‡hvM Kvix kã) Passage Narration Gi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ KZK¸‡jv wbqg †`qv njt.

01.Reporting verb Ges Zvi subject ev object bv _vK‡j-

    (a)subject wnmv‡e The Speaker.

   (b)Object wnmv‡e The person Spoken to

   (c) Reporting verb wnmv‡e Reported Speech Abymv‡i- tell, ask, request, order, command, propose, wish, pray,  bid, thank BZ¨vw` Avb‡Z n‡e| †hgb- 

Direct: ‘Do it”

Indirect: The  speaker told the person spoken to do it.

02 Reporting verb Uv gv‡S ev †k‡l _vK‡jt

Indirect Kivi mgq Zv‡K sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z wb‡q Avm‡Z nq| †hgb-

Direct: “you look a little bit like my mother” Jerry said to the authoress, specially in the dark by the fire”

Indirect: “Jerry told the authoress that she looked a little bit like his mother specially in the dark by the fire.

03. ‡Kvb e³vi cici GKvw`K Dw³ _vK‡jt

(a) wØZxq Dw³i †ÿ‡Î added

(b) Z„Zxq Dw³i †ÿ‡Î  further added

(c)  PZz_© Dw³i †ÿ‡Î also said

(d)  cÂg Dw³i †ÿ‡Î again said

 wKš‘ 2wU Interrogative cici _vK‡j wØZxqwUi †ÿ‡Î   again/also asked nq|

Direct: He said, “I can chop some wood today. I shall come again tomorrow”

Indirect: He said that he could chop some wood that day. He added that he would come again the next day.

Direct: He said, “What is your name? Where do you live?”

Indirect:  He asked  What my name was. He also asked Where I lived.

04. Reported speech-G  “yes/no” _vK‡jt

Indirect G  Replied in the affirmative/negative + yes/no Gi ci AviI wKQz _vK‡j-

(a) Replied in the affirmative /negative that+ evKx Ask/

                                                          and told  that +evKx Ask

(b) Subject + c~‡e©i cÖkœ ev‡K¨i mv‡_ m½wZc~b© auxiliary verb em‡e| †hgb-

   Direct: Shima said to Sabina, “Are you going to Chittagong tomorrow?” “yes”

               said Sabina

  Indirect: Shima asked Sabina if she was going to Chittagong the next day.

                 Sabina replied in the affirmative.

05. Direct speech-G   sir _vK‡j: sir Gi cwie‡Z© respectfully e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

     Direct: “yes, Sir” She replied, “I have done my duty”

    Indirect : She replied respectfully in the affirmative that she had done her duty.

06. Direct speech-G KvD‡K †Kvb wKQz e‡j  address Kiv n‡jt

      Indirect-G  Reporting verb Gi KZ©vi c~‡e© addressing (N/P) as-

      friend/brother/sister emv‡Z  nq| †hgb-

      Direct: “Are you hungry, friend?” said the shrewd king.

     Indirect: Addressing them ad friends, the shrewd king asked if they were hungry.

07. Direct speech –G  by Allah/God/Jove/My life _vK‡jt

     Indirect:  Gi ïiæ‡Z swearing by Allah/ God/Jove/My life e‡m| †hgb-

     Direct: By Allah “be replied” I will not leave this house”

    Indirect : Swearing by Allah by replied that he would not leave that house.

08. Inverted comma Gi evB‡I †Kvb  phrase ev clause _vK‡jt

         Direct G Zv AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq ïiæ‡ZB e‡m| †hgb-

 Direct :”Are you brothers?” said the mistress of the house, turning to the dervishes.

Indirect: Turning to the dervishes the mistress of the house asked if they were brothers.

09.Dircet speech-G  Assertive sentence Gi †k‡l cÖkœ‡evaK wPý _vK‡jt

    Indirect Kivi mgq Reporting verb Gi c~‡e© being surprised wjL‡Z n‡e

    Reporting verb ‡K ask –G cwiewZ©Z Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-

   Direct: She said to me , “ you have remembered how she looked all these years?

  Indirect: being surprised she asked me if I had remembered how she had looked all those years.

10. Direct speech G thank you _K‡j  Indirect Kivi mgq Reporting verb Gi subject+

       thanked+ reporting verb object e‡m| †hgb-

   Direct : He said to me “Thank you”

   Indirect: He thanked me.

11. Direct speech G “Good bye” _vK‡j indirect  Kivi mgq Reporting verb Gi

      subject+ bade+ object+ good bye e‡m|

       Direct: He said, “Good bye my friends”

       Indirect: He bade his friends good-bye.

12. Direct speech G Good Morning/ Good evening/Good night _vK‡j

      Indirect Kivi mgq Reporting verb Gi subject+ wished+ good evening/ good

      night /good morning e‡m|

       Direct: I said to him, “Good morning”

      Indirect: I wished him good morning.

13. Direct speech G sentence Gi cÖ_‡g pronoun Ges c‡i  noun _vK‡jt

      Indirect G cÖ_‡g noun emv‡Z nq| †hgb-

     Direct: He said to me, “Believe, I Mr Rana, is quite innocent”

     Indirect: Mr Rana told me to believe that he was quite innocent.

14. Direct speech G Optative sentence G Reporting verb Gici object _vK‡j

      indirect G ïay pray  Gi †ÿ‡Î pray for nq| †hgb-

    Direct: Mother said to me ‘May Allah bless you”

    Indirect: Mother prayed for me that Allah might bless me.

15. Direct speech G Exclamatory sentence G  what Ges how _vK‡j Indirect speech

       G h_vµ‡g Great, very e‡m| †hgb-

   Direct: He said to me, ”What a fool you are”

  Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that I was a great fool.

16.Direct speech G Reporting verb  past tense bv n‡q present/future n‡j indirect G

      wbKUeZx Ges `~ieZx© kã cwiewZ©Z nq bv| †hgb-

  Direct: He says, “I am ill now”

  Indirect: He says that he is ill now.

17.Direct G  never _K‡j indirect G not to e‡m| †hgb-

    Direct: He said to me, “Never tell a lie”

    Indirect: He advised me not to tell a lie.

18 .Direct G cÖ¯Ív‡ei c‡I object _vK‡j Indirect  G propose to e‡m

          Direct: He said to me “Let us go to the picnic “

          Indirect:He proposed to me that they should go to the picnic.

19.Direct speech G  we ×viv gvbeRvwZ eySv‡jt Indirect G Zv cwiewZ©Z nq bv| †hgb-

Direct: He said, “We shall all die”

Indirect: He said that we shall all die.

20.We ×viv  hw` e³v I hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡I ejv nq GB `yBRb‡K eySv‡bv nq Z‡e G‡`I g‡a¨t

        (a) GKRb 1^st person n‡j we AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K

        (b) GKRb 2^nd person n‡j we  cwiewZ©Z n‡q  you nq|

        (c) GKRb 1^st person Ges 2^nd person bv _vK‡j us cwiewZ©Z n‡q they nq|

Affirmative to negative:
Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → Replaced by → None but(person)/ nothing but(things)/ not more than or not less than(number)
Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: He has only a ball. Neg: He has nothing but a ball.
Aff: He has only ten taka. Neg: He has not more than ten taka.

Rule 2: Must → Replaced by → Cannot but/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).
Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.

Rule 3: Both----and → Replaced by → not only ---- but also.
Ex: Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.

Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were present.

Rule 4: and ( if join two words) → Replaced by → Not only ----- but also.
Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.

Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → Replaced by → There is no + attached word + but.
Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.

Rule 6: As soon as → Replaced by → No sooner had ----- Than.
Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.

Rule 7: Absolute Superlative degree → Replaced by → No other+ attached word+so+ positive form+ as+subject.
Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.

Rule8: Sometimes affirmative sentences are changed into negative by using opposite words. Before the word, off course ‘not’ is used.
Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you.

Rule 9: Always → Replaced by → Never.
Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class.

Rule 10: Too ---- to → Replaced by → so ---that+ can not/could not(in past).
Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Rule 11: As – as → Replaced by → Not less – than.
Ex: Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi. Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.

Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.
Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.

Rule 13: Sometimes → Replaced by → Not + always.
Ex: Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.

Rule 14: Many → Replaced by → Not a few.
Ex: Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I donot have few friends.

Rule 15: A few → Replaced by → not many.
Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.

Rule 16: Much → Replaced by → A little.
Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.

Rule 17: A little → Replaced by → not much.
Ex: Aff: Dolon has a little riches. Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.



ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

Rule 1: If the sentence is in the affirmative you have to change it into negative interrogative. If it is in negative then you have to change it into bare interrogative.
Ex: Ass: He was very gentle.
Int: was n’t he very gentle?
Aff: He is not a good person.
Int: Is he a good person?

Rule 2: No auxiliary verb in sentence →→ Change it by using →→ Do/does/did Or Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass:He plays Football.
Int: Does he play football?
Ass: They did not play football yesterday.
Int: Did they play football yesterday?

Rule3: Never → Replaced by → Ever.
Ass: I never drink tea.
Int: Do I ever drink tea?

Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → Replaced by → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t
Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 5: Every + noun → Replaced by → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.
Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → Replaced by → Who.
Ex: Nobody could count my love for you.
Int: Who could ever count my love for you?

Rule 7 : There is no → Replaced by → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).
Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law.
Int: What is the use of this law.
Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.
Int: Who is Happier than jamil.

Rule 8: It Is no → Replaced by → Is there any/Why.
Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.
Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,
Is there any use of this law?

Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → Replaced by → what though/ Does it matter.
Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.
Int: What though if you fail in the exam?

Interrogative to assertive is to be done doing Vice versa.

Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence

Rule1: Subject and Verb of exclamatory sentence are to be used as the subject and verb of assertive sentence at the outset of the sentence.
How/what → Replace by → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)
Ex: How fortunate you are!
Ass: You are very fortunate.
Exc: What a fool you are!
Ass: You are a great fool.

Rule 2: Sometimes the subject and verb may be eclipsed.
Ex: What a beautiful scenery!
Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.
Ex: What a pity!
Ass: It is a great pity.

Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → Replace by → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.
Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.
Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.

Rule 4: Alas → Replace by → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.
Ex: Alas! He has failed.
Ass: We mourn that he has failed.

Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → Replaced by → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.
Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!
Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Ex: Were I a bird!
Ass: I wish I were a bird.
Ex: If I were young again!
Ass: I wish I were young again.
Ex: would that I could be a child!
Ass: I wish I could be a child.


Assertive to exclamatory is to be done doing Vice versa.


Imperative to assertive

Rule 1: Add subject + should in doing assertive.
Ex: Do the work.
Ass: you should do the work.

Rule 2: Please/kindly → Replaced by → you are requested to.
Ex: Please, help me.
Ass: You are requested to help me.

Rule 3: Do not → Replaced by → You should not.
Ex: Do not run in the sun.
Ass: you should not run in the sun.

Rule 4: Never → Replaced by → you should never.
Ex: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.

Rule 5: Let us → Replaced by → We should.
Ex: Let us go out for a walk.
Ass: We should go out for a walk.

Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → Replaced by → Subject + might.
Ex: Let him play football.
Ass: He might play football.


Rule 1:Since/As/When Change is to be made in the subordinate clause .
When subjects are same.

Simple: 1) Omit since/as/when.
2) (Verb+ing) of the subordinate clause.
3) then write the rest part.
4) use subject with the principal clause.
5) Principal clause remains unchanged.

Ex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.

Compound: 1) Omit since /as /when
2) write down the rest part.
3) join clauses by using and, and so, and therefore
4) write the main clause unchanged.

Ex: The boy worked hard and made a good result.

Rue2: In case of Be verb in subordinate clause:
1) Use being/ Because of + Pronoun/noun(possessive form)+ being.
Ex: Since he was weak, he could not work hard.
Simple: Because of his being weak, he could not work hard.
Compound: He was weak and therefore could not work hard.
Note: and therefore, is used for showing reasons.

Rule3: When the subject of clauses are different:
Simple:
1)Subject of s.c.
2) Verb+ing ( be verb → being; Have verb → having)
Ex: Since the weather was foul, we did not go out.
Sim: The weather being foul, we did not go out.

Compound: use ‘and therefore’to join two clauses.
Ex: The weather was foul and therefore we did not go out.

Rule 4: If,’ is Replaced by – ‘by + (verb+ing)
Ex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.

Compound: 1) Omit if+subject.
2. use ‘and’ to join two clauses.
Ex: Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life.

Rule 5: Simple: If-not/unless, is replaced by, - without+( verb+ing)
Ex: Complex: If you donot work hard, you will fail in the examination.
Sim: Without working hard, you will fail in the examination.

Compound: Use or’/otherwise to join two clauses.
Ex: Work hard or you will fail in the examination.

Rule 6: Simple: Though’ is replaced by In spite of+ Possessive form of the subject+ (verb+ing)
Ex: Com: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Sim: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.

Compound: Use ‘but’ to join two clauses.
Rule 7: Simple: So that is replaced by to/in order to.
Ex: Comp: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
Sim: he works hard to/in order to prosper in life.

Compound: “and want/wants to” is used to join two clauses.
Ex: He works hard and wants to prosper in life.

Rule 8: Simple: ‘so + adjective + that’ is replaced by ‘Too + adjective + to’
Ex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Sim: The boy is too foolish to understand it.

Compound: Use ‘And Therefore’ to make it a compound sentence.
Ex: He is so foolish and therefore cannot understand it.

Rule 9: When(if mentions time) is replaced by
For short time – At
For month or Season – In
For age--- at the age of.
Ex: She woke up when it was midnight.
Simple: She woke up at midnight.
Com: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Sim: In Spring the cuckoo sings.
Con: When Samira was four, she went to school.
Sim: At the age of four, Samira went to school.

Compound: Use and to join clauses.
Ex: She woke up and it was midnight.

Rule 10: Simple: If the clause says a bout a continuous fact then use-
At the time of instead of ‘When’
Ex: When I was eating the phone rang.
Sim: At the time of my eating, the phone rang.
Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: I was eating and the phone rang.

Rule 11: Simple: Noun clause can be replaced by noun.
Ex: Com: He admitted that he was guilty.
Sim: He admitted his guilt.
Com: That he is honest is known to all.
Sim: his honesty is known to all.

Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: He is honest and it is known to all.

Rule 12: Simple: If Complex sentence is made with relative pronoun(who, what, which, that), omit it and make (verb+ing).
Com: The Doctor who is working in the hospital is known to all.
Sim: The doctor working in the hospital is known to all.
Note: If the verb is in the past participle it remains unchanged.
Ex: The picture which was drawn by Liza is very fine.
Sim: The picture drawn by Liza is very fine.

Rule 13: Simple: Adjective Clause is changed into - Adjective, Past participle Phrase, Noun in apposition, infinitive.

Adjective:
ex: A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
Sim: A drowning man catches at a straw.
Compound: A man is drowning and so catches at a straw.
Past participle phrase:
Ex: The answer that he wrote was not correct.
Sim: The answer written by him was not correct.
Compound: He wrote the answer and it was not correct.
Gerundial Infinitive:
Ex: I have no money that I can lend you.
Sim: I have no money to lend you.
Compound: I have no money and I cannot lend you.

Rule 14: In the compound “ not only---- But also” is Changed by “Besides + (Verb +ing)”
In the simple.
Ex: Mr.Khan not only teaches us English but also writes novels.
Sim: Besides teaching us English, Mr. Khan Writes novels.
 

Change of degree
Rule1: If the superlative degree says about the best thing then the rule is:-
For comparative,use –
subject +verb + adjective/adverb(comp. form) + Than any other + rest part
For positive, use-
No other + rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

Ex: Su: Suman is the tallest boy in the class.
Com: Suman is taller than any other boy in the class.
Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as Suman.

Rule 2: If In superlative degree ‘One of the’ is transformed in this way:
Comparative: Sub+verb +comp. form +than most other+ Rest part.
Positive: Very few+ rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

Ex: Nazrul was one of the greatest poets in Bangladesh.
Comp.: Nazrul was greater than most other poets in Bangladesh.
Positive: Very few poets in Bangladesh were so great as Nazrul.

Note: Superlative: Of all/ of any
Comparative: Than all other/than any other.
Positive: It does not exist.

Ex: Sup: Mr. khan is the oldest of all men in the village.
Com: Mr. Khan is older than all other men in the village.
Pos: No other man is as old as Mr. Khan.

Rule 3: Simple comparative is transformed into positive by using
(not so + adj/adv+as)/ (so+adj/adv+as)if negative. Second noun or pronoun is used first.
Ex: 1. com: Rina is wiser than Mina.
Pos: Mina is not so wise as Rina.
2. Com: Mina is not wiser than Rina.’
Pos: Rina is as wise as Mina.


Rule 4: No/not less --- than is transformed into positive by using as +adj/adv+ as
Ex: com: Karim is not less meritorious than Suman.
Pos: Karim is so meritorious as Suman.