Rules on Transformation of Sentences (Simple, Complex, Compound)

Rule-1: Since/as/when hy³ Complex Sentence Gi `ywU Clause Gi Subject GK n‡j Ges `ywU Clause G gyj verb _vK‡j cÖ`Ë wbqgwUi mvnv‡h¨ simple Ki‡Z nq|

            cÖ_‡g cÖ_g sentence Gi gyj verb Gi Present form Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + cÖ_g Clause Gi wµqvi c‡ii Ask e‡m + Comma (.) e‡m + wØZxq Clause Gi subject Gi RvqMvq cÖ_g sentence Gi subject e‡m + wØZxq sentence Gi evKx Ask e‡m|

            (i) Complex: Since the old man killed the bird, he brought bad luck to the crew.

                Simple: Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.

                mgvavb: cÖ`Ë complex sentence wUi `ywU Clause-G main verb h_v killed Ges brought Av‡Q, ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_g Clause Gi gyj verb ‘killed’ Gi Present form ‘kill’ Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q A_v©r killing n‡q‡Q + 1g Clause Gi evKx Ask the bird emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wØZwq Clause Gi Subject ‘he’ Gi RvqMvq cÖ_g subject ‘the old man’ e‡m‡Q + 2q Clause Gi evKxs Ask A_v©r brought bad luck to the crew emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

(i)                   Complex: When the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: Seeing the police, the thief ran away.

(ii)                 Complex: As I had forgotten him, I went out.
Simple: Forgetting him, I went out.
e¨wZµg

(iii)                Complex: When the mutton chop arrived, she took me to task.
Simple: On the arrival of the mutton chop, she took me to task.

Rule-2: `ywU Clause Gi subject wfbœ n‡j Ges cÖ_g Clause wU‡Z am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had _vK‡j wbqgwU `vovq:

            cÖ_g Clause Gi am/is/are/were Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m ev has/have/had Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m (ZvQvov cÖ_g Clause wUi Avi cwieZ©b nq bv) + wØZxq Clause wU e‡m|  we:`ª: since/as/when me©`v D‡V hvq|

Complex: Since the weather was very cold, there were no birds or animals in the snow covered country.

Simple: The weather being very cold, there were no birds or animals in the snow covered country.

mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Complex Sentence wUi `ywU Clause Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Clause wUi subject hv the weather Ges Clause wUi subject ‘birds or animals’ GK bq Ges cÖ_g Clause wU‡Z ïaygvÎ be verb A_v©r was Av‡Q ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx since DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ_g Clause Gi was Gi RvqMvq being emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GQvov Clause wUi Avi †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb + 2q Clause wU A_v©r there were no birds or animals in that snow covered country emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Complex: When the meeting was over, we went back home.

                Simple: The meeting being over, we went back home.

Rule-3: since/as hy³ complex sentence Gi Clause `ywUi subject GK n‡j Ges since/as hy³ Clause wU‡Z ïaygvÎ be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) _vK‡j bx‡Pi wbq‡gi mvnv‡h¨ simple Ki‡Z nq:

Since/as Gi cwie‡Z© cÖ_‡g Because of e‡m + †m clause Gi subject Gi possessive form e‡m + am/is/are/are/was/were Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m + has/have/had Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m + †m sentence Gi evKx Ask e‡m + comma (,) e‡m + evKx sentence wU e‡m|

Complex: Since he was small, he could not work hard.

Simple: Because of his being small, he could not work hard.

mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Complex Sentence wUi cÖ_g Clause Gi Sentence ‘he’ Ges wØZxq Clause Gi Sentence ‘he’ A_v©r Clause wU‡Z ïaygvÎ be verb ‘was’ e‡m‡Q ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx since Gi cwie‡Z© cÖ_‡g Because of e‡m + cÖ_g Clause Gi Sentence ‘he’ Gi possessive ‘his’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + was Gi cwie‡Z© being emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + cÖ_g Clause Gi evKx Ask small emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wØZxq Clause wU A_v©r he could not work hard emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Complex: Jerry was loved by the authoress as he had integrity.

Simple: Jerry was loved by the authoress because of his having integrity.

Rule-4: Relative pronoun hy³ Complex Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg:

            cÖ`Ë Sentence wUi cÖ_g †_‡K Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) Gi c~e© ch©š— e‡m + Relative Pronoun wU D‡V hvq + Relative Pronoun Gi c‡i mvnvh¨Kvix wµqv _vK‡j D‡V hvq + c‡i †h gyj verb _v‡K †mB gyj verb Gi Present form Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + evKx Ask e‡m|

            Complex: The writer lived in a cabin that belonged to the orphange.

                Simple: The writer lived in a cabin belonging to the orphange.

mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Sentence wUi cÖ_g A_v©r Relative Pronoun ‘that’ Gi c~e© ch©š— A_v©r the writer lived in a cabin ch©š— emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx Relative Pronoun ‘that’ DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q + that Gi c‡i verb ‘belonged’ Gi Present form belong Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Kiv n‡q‰Q + evKx Ask to the orphange emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Complex: Village women who are sitting on the walkways may enjoy gossiping.

Simple: Village women sitting on the walkways may enjoy gossiping.

Rule-5: When hy³ mgq wb‡`©kK Complex Sentence †K simple Kivi wbqg:

            When clause G †QvU mgq/eqm/FZzi D‡j­L _vK‡j bx‡Pi wbq‡gi mvnv‡h¨ simple Ki‡Z nq|

            i) When D‡V hvq + When Gi c‡i †h Subject (it) I Verb _v‡K Zv D‡V hvq +

                ii) †QvU mgq eySv‡j at/in e‡m +

                iii) FZz _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© in e‡m +

                iv) eq‡mi D‡j­L _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© at the age of e‡m|

                Complex: When it was daylight, I was half awakened by the sound of chopping.

                Simple: At daylight I was half awakened by the sound of chopping.

            Z‡e When Øviv †Kvb mgq bv eywS‡q †Kvb KvR Pjv eySv‡j ZLb At the time of + when hy³ As‡ki ing hy³ wµqvwU + evKx Clause e‡m|

            Complex: When it was raining, he woke up.

                Simple: At the time of raining, he woke up.

                we.`ª: When hy³ As‡k †Kvb Personal Subject Gi D‡j­L _vK‡j D³ Subject Gi possessive iƒc e‡m| †hgb:

            Complex: When they were playing, it began to rain.

                Simple: At the time of their playing, it began to rain.

Rule-6: If Øviv MwVZ kZ©gyjK bv †evaK (Negative) Complex Sentence †K simple Kivi wbqg:

            cÖ_‡g without e‡m + ‘If’ Clause Gi gyj verb Gi Present form Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + wµqvi c‡ii Ask e‡m + Aci Clause wU e‡m|

            Complex: If you do not work hard, you will not prosper in life.

                Simple: Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.

                mgvavb: wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_‡g without emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + If clause Gi gyj verb ‘work’ Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q + verb Gi c‡ii Ask hard emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + Aci Clause wU A_v©r you will not prosper in life emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Complex: If you do not read attentively, you will not pass the examination.

                Simple: Without reading attentively, you will not pass the examination.

                we.`ª: If clause wU Affirmative n‡j simple Kivi mgq without kãwUi RvqMvq by e‡m| Avi me wVK _v‡K|

            Complex: If you work hard, you can succeed in life.

                Simple: By working hard, you can succeed in life.

Rule-7: So that hy³ Complex Sentence †K simple sentence G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg:

            cÖ`Ë Sentence Gi cÖ_g †_‡K so Gi c~e© ch©š— e‡m + so ‡_‡K may/might/can/could ch©š— D‡V hvq + to e‡m + cÖ`Ë Sentence Gi evKx Ask e‡m|

            Complex: He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.

                Simple: He worked hard to prosper in life.

                mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Sentence wUi cÖ_g †_‡K He worked hard ch©š— emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx so that †_‡K he could ch©š— DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx to emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + evKx Ask A_v©r prosper in life emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Complex: I read more so that I can make a good result.

                Simple: I read more in order to make a good result.

Rule-8: So ......... that hy³ Complex Sentence †K simple sentence Gi cwiYZ Kivi wbqg:

            So Gi RvqMvq too e‡m, GQvov that Gi c~e© ch©š— Avi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv + that ‡_‡K not ch©š— D‡V hvq + to e‡m + cÖ`Ë Sentence Gi evKx Ask e‡m|

            Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

                Simple: He is too weak to walk.

                mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Sentence Gi so Gi RvqMvq too emv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges that †_‡K he can not ch©š— DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx to emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + evKx Ask walk emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Rule-9: Though/Although hy³ Complex Sentence †K simple sentence Gi cwiYZ Kivi wbqg:

            Though/Although Gi cwie‡Z© Inspite of e‡m + †mB Clause Gi subject Gi possessive form e‡m + Clause Gi am/is/are/was/were Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m ev †m Clause Gi has/have/had Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m ev ev‡K¨i gyj verb Gi Present form Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + Clause Gi evKx Ask e‡m + Aci Clause e‡m|

            Complex: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not pass the examination.

                Simple: Inspite of his trying heart and soul, he could not pass the examination.

            mgvavb: wbqg Abyhvqx though Gi cwie‡Z© Inspite of emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + †m Clause Gi subject ‘he’ Gi possessive form ‘his’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + gyj verb ‘tried’ Gi present form ‘try’ Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q + evKx Ask ‘heart and sould’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + evKx Clause wU A_v©r he could not pass the examination emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Complex: Although the man has vast riches, he wants more.

                Simple: Inspite of having vast riches, the man wants more.

Exercise for practice

Transform the following complex sentences into simple:

1. When Della stood by the window, she looked out.
2. Since the boy worked hard, he shone in life.
3. As he saw the tiger, he ran away in fear.
4. When the lunch was over, the lady went away.
5. Since the water was salty, the sailors could not drink it.

COMPOUND TO SIMPLE

Rule-1: And hy³ Compound Sentence Gi Dfq As‡ki subject hw` GK nq Ges Dfq As‡k gyj verb _vK‡j bx‡Pi wbqgwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq:

            cÖ_‡g ev‡K¨i gyj verb Gi present form Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + cÖ_g ev‡K¨i gyj verb Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m + and Gi cwie‡Z© Comma(,) e‡m + cÖ_g ev‡K¨i KZv© e‡m (wØZxq ev‡K¨ KZv© _vK‡j D‡V hvq) + wØZxq ev‡K¨i evKx Ask e‡m|

            Compound: The old man killed the bird and brought bad luck to the crew.

                Simple: Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.

            mgvavb: cÖ`Ë sentence wUi Dfq As‡ki subject GKB Ges Dfq As‡k gyj verb i‡q‡Q| ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_g clause Gi gyj verb ‘killed’ Gi present form ‘kill’ Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q + and Gi c‡ii Ask A_v©r the bird emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + and Gi RvqMvq comma emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + cÖ_g clause Gi subject ‘the old man’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wØZxq clause wU A_v©r brought bad luck to the crew emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Compound: Della sold her hair and bought a platinum fob chain.

                Simple: Selling her hair, Della bought a platinum for chain.

Rule-2: And Gi Dfq ev‡K¨i subject wfbœ n‡j Ges cÖ_g sentence G am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had _vK‡j bx‡Pi wbqgwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq:

            cÖ_‡g ev‡K¨i gyj am/is/are/was/were Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m ev has/have/had Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m, GQvov cÖ_g ev‡K¨i Avi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv + and Gi cwie‡Z© comma(,) e‡m + wØZxq evK¨ e‡m|

            Compound: The marriage ceremony was over and the guests were all going to the feast.

                Simple: The marriage ceremony being over, the guests were all going to the feast.

                mgvavb: cÖ`Ë sentence wUi Clause `ywUi subject wfbœ Ges cÖ_g clause wU‡Z ïaygvÎ be verb ‘was’ e‡m‡Q, ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_g clause Gi be verb ‘was’ Gi RvqMvq being emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov cÖ_g Clause Gi Avi †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb + and Gi RvqMvq comma emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wØZxq clause wU A_v©r the guests were all going to the feast emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Compound: The sun had set and we returned home.

                Simple: The sun having set, we returned home.

Rule-3: Or hy³ Compound sentence ‡K simple Kivi wbqg:

            cÖ_‡g without e‡m + cÖ_g ev‡K¨i gyj verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + wµqvi c‡ii Ask e‡m + Or Gi cwie‡Z© comma (,) e‡m + wØZxq evK¨ e‡m|

            Compound: Work hard or you will not prosper in life.

                Simple: Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.

                mgvavb: wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_‡g without emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + cÖ_g clause Gi verb ‘work’ Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q + verb Gi c‡ii Ask hard emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + Aci clause wU A_v©r you will not prosper in life emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Compound: Read attentively or you cannot pass the examination.

                Simple: Without reading attentively, you can not pass the examination.

Rule-4: And Gi Dfq As‡ki subject GK n‡j Ges cÖ_g sentence Øviv hLb KviY eySvq ZLb bx‡Pi wbqgwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq:

            cÖ_‡g Because of e‡m + sentence Gi subject Gi possessive form e‡m + am/is/are/was/were Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m ev has/have/had Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m ev gyj wµqvi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + cÖ_g sentence Gi evKx Ask e‡m + and G cwie‡Z© comma (,) e‡m + wØZxq sentence wU e‡m|

            Compound: He is ill and and he can not move an inch.

                Simple: Because of his being ill, he can not move an inch.

                mgvavb: cÖ_g clause Øviv KviY eySvB‡Z‡Q, ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_g clause Gi cÖ_‡g Because of emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + subject ‘he’ Gi possessive form ‘he’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + is Gi RvqMvq being emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + cÖ_g clause Gi evKx Ask ill emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + evKx clause wU he can not move an inch emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

            Compound: He has much money and he can buy a car.

                Simple: Because of his having much money, he can buy a car.

Rule-5: But hy³ Compound sentence †K simple sentence G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg:

            cÖ_‡g inspite of e‡m + cÖ_g sentence Gi subject Gi possessive form e‡m‡Q + cÖ_g sentence Gi am/is/are/was/were Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m ev has/have/had Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m ev cÖ_g ev‡K¨i gyj verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + but Gi cwie‡Z© comma (,) e‡m + wØZxq sentence wU e‡m|

            Compound: He is ill but he can run fast.

                Simple: Inspite of his being ill, he can run fast.

Rule-6: mgq wb‡`©kK Compound sentence †K simple Kivi wbqg: mgq evPK clause Gi subject (it) I verb D‡V hvq + mgq evPK AskwU e‡m + and D‡V hvq + Zvi c‡ii Ask e‡m|

            Compound: It was twenty years ago and I was living Paris.

                Simple: Twenty years ago, I was living in Paris.

Transform the following Compound Sentneces into Simple:

1. She jumped into a cab and cried gaily.
2. Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks.
3. Jim drew a package from his overcoat and threw it upon the table.
4. He took the purse and ran away.
5. The marriage ceremony was over and the guests were going to the feast.

To Change into Complex

Compound to Complex

Rule-1: (i) And hy³ Compound Sentence Gi GKwU Clause hw` Ab¨wUi KviY ev mgq wb‡`©k K‡i, Z‡e D³ Compound Sentence wU‡K Complex Sentence G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j bx‡Pi wbqgwU AbymiY Ki‡Z nq:

            cÖ_‡g Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g since/as/when e‡m + cÖ_g Sentence e‡m + and Gi cwie‡Z© comma (,) Kgv e‡m + wØZxq Sentence e‡m|

            we.`ª: KviY eySv‡j since/as e‡m Ges mgq eySv‡j when e‡m| Complex Sentence Gi `ywU Clause G subject emv‡Z nq|

            Compound: The write was poor and could not taste caviare.

                Complex: Since the writer was poor, he could not taste caviare.

(ii) cÖ_‡g Clause wU kZ© eySv‡j Complex Sentence G cwiYZ Kivi mgq wbqgwU nj wbgœiƒc:

cÖ_‡g if e‡m + subject e‡m + cÖ`Ë cÖ_g Clause wU e‡m + and Gi cwie‡Z© comma (,) Kgv e‡m + Aci Clause e‡m|

Compound: Work hard and you will shine in life.

Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.

Rule-2: But hy³ Compound Sentence †K Complex Sentence G cwieZ©‡bi wbqg:

            cÖ_g Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g Though/Although e‡m + cÖ_g Sentence e‡m + But Gi cwie‡Z© Comma (,) e‡m + wØZxq Sentence wU e‡m|

            we.`ª: Complex Sentence Gi `ywU Clause GB subject emv‡Z nq|

            Compound: He ran fast but could not get the train.

                Complex: Though he ran fast, he could not get the train.

Rule-3: Or hy³ Compound Sentence †K Complex Sentence G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j bx‡Pi wbqgwU AbymiY Ki‡Z nq:

cÖ_‡g if e‡m + subject e‡m + do not + cÖ`Ë cÖ_g Clause wU e‡m + comma (,) Kgv e‡m + Aci Clause e‡m|

Compound: Work hard or you cannot prosper in life.

Complex: If you do not work hard, you cannot prosper in life.

Exercise

Turn the following Compound Sentence into Complex:

1. Their throats were very dry and they could not speak.
2. I paid the bill and I had no money in my pocket.
3. The man saw the tiger and went away.
4. The dog lay close to him and found comfort there.
5. Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks.